Environment

Environment is the event that have been performing in the surrounding. Environment is not same in all of the places. Environment is the surrounding. Environment differs with how is the surrounding it is. like that may be the noiseful environment, peace ful environment, poluted environment. Now a days environment is changing with the change in generation. Environment drags the human and the animal from place to place. Like the human likes to live in the peace ful evironment. It depends 0n the what kind of man is he or she is . And the animals and birds like to live in the environment which is in jungle. Wel there is also some of the coarse regarding the environment. Environment is one of the major subject in all over the world. which is taught in all of the grades. You can graduate in environment as wel. This is made as a major subject in order to develop the awareness in the people. So that the people can move to the good envronment without harming any other components.

Planned way of use of Non-renewable Resource

Planned way of use of Non-renewable Resource:
The problem of a future shortage of some of our important resources must be faced. The answer to the problem will be a combination of four approaches.
(a) Replying more heavily on renewable resources: If a non-renewable resource becomes scarce, its price goes up. This can result in alternative renewable resource becoming cheaper than the non- renewable resource, so the renewable resource will be used instead.
(b)Increasing product lifetime: We must try to make products made from non-renewable resources last longer. For example, most cars are made of steel, which contain large amount of iron. The iron rusts. If every car could be made to last longer, then less iron would be needed by the motor industry.
(c)Recycling: Much of what we throw away could be reused. Glass, for example, can be crushed, remelted and reused. Glass made in this way requires much less energy than glass made from starch. Many people already take their empty glass bottles to bottle banks. If more and more people were encouraged to do this, the amount of resources need to make new glass could be greatly reduced.
(d)Opening up new resources: Improved technology is continually allowing resources which were previously unavailable to be extracted from the Earth.

Natural resources

The natural property of a nation is called its natural resources. The fertile land, Forest, minerals, water sources, fossils fuels, etc. is natural resources. These are the resources of the country naturally available. Planned utilization of natural resources directly effects in the national development.
All of our many manufactured articles are made from the earth's natural resources. We obtain all our materials, and many of the resources which we use to provide energy, from the earth.
Some resources are being constantly produced in the earth. They are called renewable resources.
Others are not being replaced. They are called non- renewable resources.

Unmanaged Urbanisation

Proper planning of urbanisation is necessary to keep the environment healthy and sustainable development of infrastructure, economic and social aspects of an area is the basic ground for urbanisation. People from villages igrate to the areas that have more facilities. This is an incresing trend. If the migration of people continues from villages to the areas that have more facitlites. This is an increasing trend. If the migration of people continues from villages to other areas it causes several prolems. Some of the problems are increase of sums, lack of drinking water and health services. These problems make us difficult to manage such areas.
As a result of it, the urbanisation process will be unmanaged. In this context, there is a neeed of proper planning for urbanisation. It should include site for residental, market, parking, garden, health service etc. It is difficult to manage if the process of urbanisation is rapid. if the requirements for the urbanisation could not meet in time the urbanisation would be unmanaged. The unmanaged urbanisation causes different types of problems.

Unmanaged Urbanisation

Interrelationship between Population, Environment and Developement

Is obviours that people depend on the environment to get the things whatever they want. They think that the environment is an unlimited resource. An increase of population demands more food , more shelte, more services and other facilities. As the population increases the use of the environmental resources increase. It forces to initiate more development activities to meet the needs of people. But people should not forget to conseve the environment along wiht the development works. It is necessary to maintaion a balance betweeen the population growth, environmental resources and development activities. The relationship of people, environment and development activities needs to be maintained and continure for keeping the enviornment a healthy habitat.

Natural resources includes air, water, land, forest, mine and others. People get their food from land. They use land as their shelter. Forest is one of the important resources through which they get firewood, constructions materials, herbs etc. they are meeting their need using the natural resources.

People conduct different types of development activities to fulfol their needs and aspirations. The development activities include physical facilities, socio- economic and culturalaspects. the conservation programmes should be integrated with the evelopment work. This has been described earlier.

Ozone Depletion

Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally. It acts as a protective layer that shields the earth form ultra rediation. The ultraviolet radaition afects humans and the enviornment. The gases like sulphure dioxide carbon dioxide, methane, dust, smoe etc. pollute the atmosphere. the pollution of the atmosphere affects the ozone layer. The chlorine and bromine contaions chloroflurocarbns of halons. Thus, ht resense of the chlorine and bromine destroy the ozone layer. The destruction of ozone layer allows the harmful ultraviolet radiation toenter into the earth's surface. Such radaition affects living beings including human beings. It affects the human respiratory system. it disturbs the life cycle of living beings. It causes skin cancer and eye disease.

Control of Pollution

If we control the smoke and dust from means of transportation and gactories , air-pollution can be controlled. Government is trying to control such pollution. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides wastage disposal, cause water-pollution. If we control the pollution, it helps to control the environment. Therefore, the subject-matter about pollution has been included in the curriculum coarse at school, college and training programmes. all such efforts help to conserve the environment.

Solid Waste Management

House, industries, markets are th sources of solid waste. Solid waste management contributes environmental conservation.Local bodies like municipalities are working for managing solid waste. We should also contribute in this camgaign. Every household must have toilet. We should make publice toilets. Passing urine and stool openly causers the environment polluted. Therefore, proper disposal of solid waste should be managed. It helps to make the environment clean and conserve it.

Soil Conservation

One of the major function fo environment management and conservation is to conserve soil. Soil can be conserved by controlling flood, landslide and soil ersion. Similarly, sonservation fo pasture land, aforestration in barren land and conservation fo forest contribute to soil conservation. slopped land must be cultivated in terrace. Organic fertilizer should also be used with chemical fertilizer. Such activities are also conducted by Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture, etc. Subject-matter on soil conservation are also included in the curriculum of school and College-level. It supports for environmental protection by increasing the awareness among young students who are future responsible citizens. so various such activities also contribute the conserve the environment.

Conservation of Forest

Conservain fo forest plays significant fole for environmental conseration. forest conservation activities have been conducted by ministyr of Forest and Soil Conservation. in th additon, community forest programmes have also been conducted. aforestation and the protection are done for forest conservation. Various rules and regulations hav been enacted for forests conservation. Subject-matters of forest conservation have been included in curriculum and textbookds of school, college and in training programmes. These programmes contribute to environmental conservation.

Climate Change Seen as Threat to U.S. Security

The changing global climate will pose profound strategic challenges to the United States in coming decades, raising the prospect of military intervention to deal with the effects of violent storms, drought, mass migration and pandemics, military and intelligence analysts say.

Such climate-induced crises could topple governments, feed terrorist movements or destabilize entire regions, say the analysts, experts at the Pentagon and intelligence agencies who for the first time are taking a serious look at the national security implications of climate change.

Human beings and Earth

The Earth is a living being planet. It is a havitat of all the living beings. Human beings are creators. They plan and conduct development activities for their welfare. Whatever they do will depend on th reources such as air, water, food, fire-wood, minerals. These are available Construction of road, irrigation canal, dam, huge huilding and bridge produce some effects on the physical and natural aspects of the earth. The other activities like installation of hydropower plant and electrical tower disturb the natural structure of the earth. Both the natural aspects of the earth and development work are basic things for human beings. Thus, they should take care of the earth while conducting development activities.

Human being should respect all the living beings for keeping harmony to each other and for caring the earth. This will help to conserve the biodervisity that is integral part of the earth.

Concept of caring for Earth

The physical features of the earth are different at its various parts. The earth is surrounder by air. It has been a living planet because of the availability of oxygen, water and land. These factors have contributed to the formation of a natural environment. There is also variation in the natural environment in the earth. Because of the variation fo natural environment there is a diversity in animals, birds and organisms. The spheres of the earth are lithosphere, atmosphere, hydorsphere and biosphere. A close link exists among these spheres. Disturbance in one of the spheres affects another. It causes imbalance in the natural environment. It deteriotes the various natural cycles such as water cycle, cycles of gases (oxygen, nitrogem, etc). the change in these aspects disturbs the animals birds and many living organisms.

The caring for the earth means to conserver all the physcal and biological aspects fo the earth. Its objective is to provide and opportunity to continue the life of all the living beings. This will take place only if all the elements of sphere either living of non-living are properly protected. There is need of conservation and promotion of all spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

Biodiversity

Concept of Biodiversity
There are numerous plants, animals , and prganisms in the earth. Human beings are well–developed and are the highest creature of the earth. The living beings are dependable to each other and interrelated. They differ with each other in terms of their habitat, life cycle, reproduction etc. Their diversity and types of natural ecosystems explain biodiversity. Genes and species of living beings can explain biodervisity. There is a variation in the ecoystem because of the biodiversity. The ecosystem are habitats that are suitable to different types of organisms and species. Bio diversity is different with the nature of ecosystems. Biodiversity of the location means the existence of organisms and species of living beings per square unit. It indicates the system and structure of living beings in the nature.

Biodiversity can be classified into species, ecosystems and genes. Species includes human beings, elephant, birds,oilseed, maize, patato, onion, garlic etc. it means that it includes different types of animals, birds, cereals, vegetables and other living beings. Different types of organism has its own heredity characer, which helps them to adapt and survive in their habitat. The living beings like animals and human beings of different regions have different heredity characters and adaptability. Because of these characters they can adjust and survive with various difficulties in their regions.

The characteristics of the ecological celts of any country determine the kind of biodervisity. Thus, each region of country had different biodervisity. Some organism are found in land, some in water and some in atomesphere. For example, some plants and animals are found in land and some in water. There is a close relationship among the carious types of living will disturb their ecosystems and food cycles that affect all the iving beings of such areas. It will raise a question of their survival.

Nepal's Environment Condition

Nepal's environment has suffered the effects of agricultural encroachment, deforestation and consequent soil erosion, and contamination of the water supply. Between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, forestland declined from 30% to 22% of the total area, mainly because of the felling of timber for firewood, which supplies over 90% of Nepal's fuel requirements. Moreover, it is estimated that erosion causes the loss of about 240 million cu m of topsoil each year.

All of Nepal's forests were nationalized in 1957, but reforestation efforts have been minimal. A forest conservation program, begun in 1980, includes the establishment of village tree nurseries, free distribution of seedlings, and provision of wood-burning stoves of increased efficiency. By 1985, however, deforestation averaged 324 sq mi per year, while reforestation was only 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) per year. An additional4.4% of forest and woodland were lost between 1983 and 1993. The FAO estimates that at the present rate of depletion, the forests will be virtually wiped out by 2015.

Air and water pollution are significant environmental problems in Nepal. According to United Nations sources, the nation produces 18,000 tons of carbon monoxide and 3,300 tons of hydrocarbons per year. Roughly one-third of the nation's city inhabitants and two-thirds of all rural dwellers do not have pure water, and the use of contaminated drinking water creates a health hazard. Untreated sewage is a major pollution factor: the nation's cities produce an average of 0.4 million tons of solid waste per year.

In 2001, 28 of Nepal's mammal species and 27 of its bird species were endangered, as were 7 plant species. Species classified as endangered in Nepal include the snow leopard, tiger, Asian elephant, pygmy hog, great Indian rhinoceros, Assam rabbit, swamp deer, wild yak, chir pheasant, and gavial.

Biodiversity conservation guidelines

Overview

How can the elements of wild nature -- its species, genetic traits, populations, habitats and ecosystems -- be maintained in landscapes that also need to produce material goods, environmental services, and the many cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits that people everywhere want?

Governments and communities entering the 21st century must find answers to this fundamental question.

Immediate action is needed to defend our threatened living resources; to reform the policies that invite such losses; to conduct inventory and study of resource use in key ecosystems and countries; to monitor changes and impending threats; to better manage threatened protected areas; to mobilize funding; and to support national and grassroots conservation initiatives.

Approaches to conserving biological diversity

Ten principles for conserving biodiversity

Principles and guidelines for planning biodiversity conservation

Managing biodiversity throughout the human environment

Building biodiversity awareness in primary and secondary schools

Information required to conserve biological diversity

Study about pollutions causing cancer in Animals

According to the recent report in Nature Reviews Cancer reveals the consequences of improper disposal and dumping. According to "Wildlife Cancer: a conservation perspective," scientists are now concerned about humans’ contribution to carcinogenesis in wild animal habitats.

The more we contaminate the environment, the more we will see problems. If you dump a pollutant, it doesn’t just go away rather it creates a lots of problems. This means that the pollution have a very sever effects on the animal habitats and their generation. So to Save the natural habitats we should have to think about this. If we do not think in right time then it may leads to the very sever problems that mightnot be solved.

Beach Pollution a Growing Threat to U.S. Health and Economy

Beach Pollution a Growing Threat to U.S. Health and Economy

If you heard about a nation that had to declare more than 20,000 beach-closure or advisory days in a single year due to raw sewage and other water pollution that threatened the health of swimmers, what would you think? Must be some Third World country that still treats its rivers and streams as a national sewer system, right?

Think again.

The nation in question is the United States, which in 2008 saw the fourth-highest number of beach closures and advisories in the past 19 years, according to an annual report by the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) on water quality at vacation beaches in the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts.

Natural disaster

Natural disaster is define as the naturally occuring events that have the negative effects in the environment , animals and the human habitants. Natural disaster is also define as the Natural Hazard . Many natural hazards are interrelated, e.g. (earthquakes or landslides, flood, volcanic eruption)can cause tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience. Natural Disaster is the main reason of the change in the world environment. It leads to changes extinc tion of different spicies of animals and plants.

Problems with Conventional Fertilizers

Conventional fertilizers are commonly derived from petroleum. In fact, a single 40-pound bag contains the equivalent of 9.50 litres of gasoline. In addition to their oil base, synthetic fertilizers are spiked with concentrated forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. The excess not absorbed by plants runs off into storm drains that feed into rivers and streams, contributing to algae blooms that deprive waterways of oxygen and kill off aquatic life. Such an algal bloom has created a "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico the size of New Jersey.

Conventional fertilizers can prove detrimental to your lawn in the long run. Healthy soils contain billions of beneficial microorganisms. Synthetic fertilizers can kill these helpful organisms, sterilizing your soil and creating a dependence, like an addiction, to the synthetic replacements.

Problems

Organic fertilizers also contain nitrogen and phosphorus that can wash off into waterways. And just like conventional fertilizers fortified with synthetic ammonia, manure and guano (bird droppings) both have high levels of naturally occurring ammonia that can "burn" plants.
Organic fertilizers may also contain ingredients that have not been harvested in the most eco-friendly way. Bone, blood and feather meals are byproducts of the meat industries and are added to fertilizers as a source of nutrients. Fish meal, another industry byproduct, may be contaminated with PCBs and mercury and could come from overharvested fish populations. The Northeast Organic Farming Association allows their use only under the strict warning that humans should avoid direct contact with them.
Peat, another additive in many fertilizers, could actually contribute to global warming. Peat bogs store more carbon dioxide than all of the world's tropical rainforests, and when the peat is harvested, all the stored CO2 is released back into the atmosphere. These wetland areas also support diverse ecosystems that can be damaged when the bogs are drained to harvest peat. Often the drained land is converted into forests, but the wildlife diversity is lost. In some areas, butterfly populations that thrived in wetland peat bogs have decreased as much as 90 percent.
Finally, some organic fertilizers contain sewage sludge, leftover from wastewater treatment plants. Sewage sludge comes with all the pharmaceuticals, antibacterials, industrial synthetic chemicals, heavy metals and other chemicals that wastewater treatment plants aren't able to remove. Though the EPA has endorsed sewage sludge, or biosolids, as fertilizers for years, a February 2008 Environmental Science and Technology study revealed that earthworms living in soil treated with sludge were absorbing the pharmaceuticals and personal care product ingredients that treatment plants leave behind. While the study wasn't conclusive, their presence in earthworms led scientists to suspect chemicals were building up in the crops growing in the soil.

How to buy fertilizers?

Before buying the fertilizers you should hav to love for whether an organic lawn or garden starts with healthy soil. Natural fertilizers promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, earthworms and fungi that build soil structure and foster healthy plants.
The best fertilizer for your lawn and garden is homemade compost, made from food scraps, lawn clippings and fall leaves. If you still need store-bought products, here are a few tips.

Compost: It is the organic products. This compost is the best fertilizer for the land and plants which doesnot hamper any other surroundings. Commercially made compost has high levels of naturally occurring phosphorous and nitrogen that is released gradually and is absorbed more easily by plants. Other soil improvers, such as worm castings, Epsom salts and decomposed organic matter called humates, add nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Watch out for commercial fertilizers, even those labeled "organic," that contain harmful ingredients, such as animal byproducts or sewage sludge. Animal byproducts, such as bone meal or fish meal, may have come from industrial farming operations, and sewage sludge, could be contaminated with diseases or heavy metals.